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Ways to Help
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Links to Tolerance.org
10 Ways
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Help for Hate Crime Victims
American Arab Anti Discrimination Committee
hotline: 800-552-6843 U.S.
Commission on Civil Rights Hate
Crimes
hotline: 1-800-522-6843
American Civil Liberties Union
phone: 212-549-2500
Asian American Legal Defense and
Education Fund
phone: 212-760-9110 or 212-966-5932
Council on American-Islamic
Relations
phone: 202-488-8787 Fax: 202-488-0833
Indian American Center for Political
Awareness
phone: 202-289-3654
Sikh Media Watch List
of contacts
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Government-Sponsored Discrimination ...
1942:
On February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt signs Executive Order 9066 allowing military authorities to exclude any group of people from any region without trial or hearings for reasons of "military necessity." The U.S. government places in barbed wire-encircled "relocation camps" some 110,000 Japanese Americans. Guards are ordered to shoot anyone seeking to leave. Two-thirds of those sent to the camps are U.S. citizens ... more >>
Relocation centers are set up by the War Relocation Authority in Manzanar and Tule Lake, California; Amache, Colorado; Minidoka, Idaho; Topaz, Utah; Heart Mountain, Wyoming; Rohwer and Jerome, Arkansas; and Gila River and Poston, Arizona ... more >>
In addition, there are about 20 smaller camps operated by the Immigration and Naturalization Service for more highly suspect groups of people, some of whom are later deported to Axis countries in exchange for Americans held abroad. Germans and Italians as well as Japanese are targeted. In the words of a recent report commissioned by Congress:
1942:
On February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt signs Executive Order 9066 allowing military authorities to exclude any group of people from any region without trial or hearings for reasons of "military necessity." The U.S. government places in barbed wire-encircled "relocation camps" some 110,000 Japanese Americans. Guards are ordered to shoot anyone seeking to leave. Two-thirds of those sent to the camps are U.S. citizens ... more >>
Relocation centers are set up by the War Relocation Authority in Manzanar and Tule Lake, California; Amache, Colorado; Minidoka, Idaho; Topaz, Utah; Heart Mountain, Wyoming; Rohwer and Jerome, Arkansas; and Gila River and Poston, Arizona ... more >>
In addition, there are about 20 smaller camps operated by the Immigration and Naturalization Service for more highly suspect groups of people, some of whom are later deported to Axis countries in exchange for Americans held abroad. Germans and Italians as well as Japanese are targeted. In the words of a recent report commissioned by Congress:
"The United States Government branded as `enemy aliens' more than 600,000 Italian-born and 300,000 German-born United States resident aliens and their families and required them to carry Certificates of Identification, limited their travel, and seized their personal property. At that time, these groups were the two largest foreign-born groups in the United States.
"During World War II, the United States Government arrested, interned or otherwise detained thousands of European Americans, some remaining in custody for years after cessation of World War II hostilities, and repatriated, exchanged, or deported European Americans, including American-born children, to hostile, war-torn European Axis nations, many to be exchanged for Americans held in those nations."
"During World War II, the United States Government arrested, interned or otherwise detained thousands of European Americans, some remaining in custody for years after cessation of World War II hostilities, and repatriated, exchanged, or deported European Americans, including American-born children, to hostile, war-torn European Axis nations, many to be exchanged for Americans held in those nations."
An unintentionally harrowing film made by the Immigration and Naturalization Service and the Department of Justice during World War II details life in the internment camp at Crystal City, Texas ...
more >>
Other Watershed Events ...
1619:
A year before the Mayflower, the first 20 African slaves are sold to settlers in Virginia as "indentured servants." 1619 First Africans are brought to English colonies, in particular to Jamestown, Virginia.
1838:
Some 18,000 Cherokees forcibly removed from their land and forced to resettle west of the Mississippi in a trek that becomes known as the "Trail of Tears."
1830 - 1850:
There was sporadic anti-Black, anti-Catholic, and anti-immigrant riots and vandalism throughout cities in the eastern United States, which directly contributed to the creation of metropolitan police departments (Friedman 1993).
1870:
The first "Jim Crow" or segregation law is passed in Tennessee mandating the separation of African Americans from whites on trains, in depots and wharves. In short order, the rest of the South falls into step. By the end of the century, African Americans are banned from white hotels, barber shops, restaurants, theaters and other public accommodations. By 1885, most southern states also have laws requiring separate schools.
1877:
Chief Joseph, the revered leader of the Nez Perce tribe surrenders to federal troops and makes famous comment, "From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever."
1882:
Over the veto of President Chester Arthur, Congress passes the Chinese Exclusion Act restricting the immigration of all Chinese laborers for 10 years and requiring Chinese to carry identification cards. In 1892 the act is extended for another 10 years.
1888:
Congress passes the Scott Act prohibiting resident Chinese laborers who leave the united States from returning unless they have family in the country.
1890:
In the Battle of Wounded Knee, U.S. troops kill 200 Dakota Indian men, women, and children in the last conflict of the so-called "Indian Wars."
In Mississippi, a state constitutional convention meets to write a suffrage amendment, including a poll tax and a literacy test designed -successfully- to exclude African Americans from voting. South Carolina follows suit in 1895, Louisiana in 1898. By 1910, African Americans are effectively barred from voting by constitutional provisions in North Carolina, Alabama, Virginia, Georgia, and Oklahoma as well.
1930:
Mass deportation occurs of Mexican workers during the 1930's large numbers of whom are U.S. citizens. Over 400,000 are deported to Mexico; the deportees are accused of usurping "Americans" from jobs during the Depression.
1955:
On August 28, 14-year-old Emmett Till is beaten, shot and lynched by whites after allegedly saying "bye, baby" to a white woman in a store in Mississippi.
1619:
A year before the Mayflower, the first 20 African slaves are sold to settlers in Virginia as "indentured servants." 1619 First Africans are brought to English colonies, in particular to Jamestown, Virginia.
1838:
Some 18,000 Cherokees forcibly removed from their land and forced to resettle west of the Mississippi in a trek that becomes known as the "Trail of Tears."
1830 - 1850:
There was sporadic anti-Black, anti-Catholic, and anti-immigrant riots and vandalism throughout cities in the eastern United States, which directly contributed to the creation of metropolitan police departments (Friedman 1993).
1870:
The first "Jim Crow" or segregation law is passed in Tennessee mandating the separation of African Americans from whites on trains, in depots and wharves. In short order, the rest of the South falls into step. By the end of the century, African Americans are banned from white hotels, barber shops, restaurants, theaters and other public accommodations. By 1885, most southern states also have laws requiring separate schools.
1877:
Chief Joseph, the revered leader of the Nez Perce tribe surrenders to federal troops and makes famous comment, "From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever."
1882:
Over the veto of President Chester Arthur, Congress passes the Chinese Exclusion Act restricting the immigration of all Chinese laborers for 10 years and requiring Chinese to carry identification cards. In 1892 the act is extended for another 10 years.
1888:
Congress passes the Scott Act prohibiting resident Chinese laborers who leave the united States from returning unless they have family in the country.
1890:
In the Battle of Wounded Knee, U.S. troops kill 200 Dakota Indian men, women, and children in the last conflict of the so-called "Indian Wars."
In Mississippi, a state constitutional convention meets to write a suffrage amendment, including a poll tax and a literacy test designed -successfully- to exclude African Americans from voting. South Carolina follows suit in 1895, Louisiana in 1898. By 1910, African Americans are effectively barred from voting by constitutional provisions in North Carolina, Alabama, Virginia, Georgia, and Oklahoma as well.
1930:
Mass deportation occurs of Mexican workers during the 1930's large numbers of whom are U.S. citizens. Over 400,000 are deported to Mexico; the deportees are accused of usurping "Americans" from jobs during the Depression.
1955:
On August 28, 14-year-old Emmett Till is beaten, shot and lynched by whites after allegedly saying "bye, baby" to a white woman in a store in Mississippi.
